Bokashi is a useful system for those without a garden or who want to convert food waste (including cooked food) into a material that can be composted in a conventional compost bin or wormery.  Bokashi will turn waste food into pre-compost that can be  added to a "conventional" cold compost bin, buried in the garden or raised beds or added  to a  wormery. It is a relatively fast process pre-compost will be ready to be added to the soil or compost bin within about 30 days without turning (aeration).

It has been promoted in the UK mainly as a means of diverting cooked food and other organic waste from council  landfill waste disposal  streams saving of the  costs of collection and disposal such  the landfill tax. I normally only use Bokashi for demonstration purposes as I have hot composters suitable for cooked food waste but have been usin a new Hozelock Bokashi  Composter over Christmas.  

If the Bokashi bin is kept in the kitchen or utility room materials can be added directly so the kitchen caddy become redundant  We have little cooked food waste, even over Christmas so most of the content was vegatable peelings. 

I but it was quite pleasant to be met with smell of Bokashi  rather than decomposing waste. 

If you only have a Dalek type cold compost bin in the garden I would recommend the use of a Bokash composter to deal with waste food so that it can be added to the outdoor compost bin without attracting vermin. There is more information at http://www.carryoncomposting.com/416920212.   

Blackwall twin pack Bokashi bins are avilable from getcomposting for only £20.99    https://getcomposting.com/blackwall-twin-pack-bokashi-bin-kcomslv2

It is common for allotment plot holders to finish composting with the autumn tidy up and not revisit their bin until the spring. Unfortunately, a lot can happen in a compost bin over the winter and I would advise that it should be checked at regular intervals.

 During a dry windy winter, the composting materials can dry out and will need the addition of greens or rainwater.

However, during wet spells such as the UK autumn and early winter this year the contents of bins may become very wet. Surprisingly we have found that on the Stokes Wood composting demonstration site in Leicester it was the plastic bins with tight fitting lids that became water logged while the pallet and new Zealand bins, with open tops but with the composting material covered by plastic or carpet had  retained the correct moisture level .

The situation is easily rectified with the additional browns in the form of shredded paper or dry shredded leaves   and a wood chip  to dry the composting material and open it up to provide  air spaces to encourage aerobic microorganisms.

 It is suggested that it might be a good idea to monitor all bins during both wet and dry periods and when being left resting during the winter so that they do not dry out or   become so wet as to give rise to anaerobic conditions and a smelly surprize when opened in the spring.

 We can all minimise our Christmas carbon footprint by not wasting food (See separate post below)  and by reducing and recycling other Christmas waste. 

Baubles  Glass and plastic  baubles are not usually recyclable. Glass  baubles should  be wrapped up and placed in a general waste. Most  Plastic baubles are not recyclable (check the label), will have to go to landfill. If  plastic or glass baubles are in good condition,  they are  best to donated  to a local charity shop.

 Batteries Used batteries should be taken to a collection points,  at the recycling depot or  some electrical shops.  

Cardboard  is compostable, with  corrugated boxes being a particularly excellent source of carbon rich “browns” they should be torn or cut into smallish pieces and scrunched up when added to the bin. If the cardboard is being sent to be recycled  flatten boxes to save space and keep them dry if they get wet and go mouldy, they cannot be recycled. Plastic film and sticky tape should be removed from paper and card packaging before recycling.

 Christmas cards Buy cards that  are Forest Stewardship Council certified. This ensures the paper used has been sustainably and ethically produced.  When Christmas is over cards should  be reused or recycled. Reusing There are many crafting activities using cards  for children interested in reducing waste e.g.  As gift tags. paper chains or cut  out the images to make cards for next year.

 Card recycling. As a composter the first choice should be composting or a charity collection but for other cards can be  put into recycling bins in the  local a supermarket or car park,  local household recycling centre. If the card looks as if it is metallic or contains plastic or laminated materials do a scrunch test. The initial test as to whether a card can be recycled is the scrunch test. If it does not stay scrunched the card cannot be composted or recycled.

 Some cards will have glitter added this should be sent to landfill. Unfortunately, most glitter cannot  be processed in recycling plants as it clogs up the equipment, but the backs of paper Christmas cards without a coating or glitter can be composted or added to the L.A. bag or box recycling collection (see Glitter below).

Christmas cards are also recycled by councils via the paper recycling bin.  However,  if, as mentioned above ,they have foil or glitter on them they should be sent to landfill.  The volume of waste wrapping can be reduced by giving presents in bags that can be reused next year and save on paper and waste. Paper cards can be cut up to make gift tags for next year.

 Christmas trees  can be composted but it is advisable to shred them first to increase the surface area exposed to the composting microbes and speed decomposition. If a shredder is not available   branches can be cut into small “thumb” size pieces, but these will be slow to compost, and it is easier donate the tree to the Local Authority to be shredded into chippings which are then used locally in parks. Local authorities often arrange drop-off points or special collections of 'real' trees in early January. Check your local authority website for more information. If the council does not offer a system for dealing with Christmas trees they can be cut into small pieces and put in the garden waste bin.

Pine needles can be composted or turned to leafmould, but they will be slow to decompose, and any significant quantities are bested treated separately form deciduous leaves.

Unfortunately, artificial trees, most of which are made from the dreaded plastic face only one possible destination when their final day arrives: landfill. If you have an artificial tree, the best thing to do is use it as many seasons as possible or donate it to someone else who will.

 Corks   Natural corks can be composted but will take a time to break down and might need returning to the bin for a second session when the compost is harvested. 

 Electronics.  Electronic items may not immediately come to mind as being Christmas waste but so many people get new electronic items at Christmas gifts large numbers of electrical items are disposed of immediately after the festive season. Use any upcycling services in your area if not most recycling centres will have a separate area for working electrical items. Christmas tree lights are recyclable but need to take to a Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) recycling centre.

 Gift tags etc.  Tags made from card can be cut up and composted having first removed any plastic ties. Plastic or foil tags will not compost.

 Glitter     Large numbers of Christmas items are decorated with glitter, including from cards, wrapping paper and decorations. Most of the glitter contains microplastic such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) do not compost or recycle items containing glitter put into a sealed container such as a plastic bag that is being binned anyway the landfill collection system and do not buy any next year.

Biodegradable glitter made from a certified compostable film that adheres to the European (EN13432) and the American (ASTM D6400) standards is available but may require a little effort to find.
Eco glitter is made of a cellulose film mainly derived from eucalyptus trees from sustainably sourced FSC plantations and is designed to break-down in the sewage system. The product sold in the USA is certified as home compostable. (https://glitterevolution.com/).    Details of UK suppliers at  https://moralfibres.co.uk/eco-friendly-alternatives-to-glitter/

 Paper Chains   If you have made paper chains, you cannot recycle them unless they are just plain white paper. Paper chains with prints or colours are not ideal for recycling and are probably best off in the compost bin.

 Paper napkins  and party hats from the crackers can be composted.

 Ribbons and decorations   Ribbons, bows may be made of natural fibres in which case they can be composted but many will contain foil or plastic and cannot be composted or recycled.

Wood ash  from open fires or wood burners can be composted if mixed with other materials. 

 Wood  Cocktail sticks although small can be added to the composted. To avoid pets trying to eat them and injuring themselves put the sticks into a container and empty it directly into the kitchen caddy. Holly, ivy and mistletoe can be composted. The holly is best shredded and used to make leafmould  separately.

 Wrapping paper and boxes  Paper and card are a good source of “browns” and can help create air pockets to the compost bin. Plastic tape should be removed from the wrapping or envelopes as the tape does not breakdown during composting.  Some paper and cards willcontain plastic or laminated materials these cannot be composted or recycled. Scrunch the item up in your hand. If it stays 'scrunched' it can be composted or recycled. Paper can be shredded and used as  protective packaging around future gifts, or even use it as a window and mirrors cleaning “cloth” .

Wreaths  Christmas wreaths made from plant materials can be composted after the any glue, plastic and wiring are removed.  If leaves have been coated with glitter discard them to landfill. Most council will accept “clean” Christmas wreaths as garden waste.

New to composting? Practical training sessions will be offered at our Composting Demonstration site at Stokes Wood Allotments Leicester

Christmas is a festival which results in vast quantities of food waste. During the Christmas season we, in the UK, eat much more than we need and 80 per cent more than during the rest of the year. Not only are we eating more we are wasting more binning approximately 230,000 tonnes of food waste during the Christmas period with 53 per cent of people confessing  that they throw away more food at Christmas and about a third of families admit to wasting some of their Christmas dinner. In fact, it is estimated that nearly 10 per cent of every festive meal is wasted. This is valued at about £64 million.  Of all the festive food turkey causes the most problems with one in 10 families having binned an entire bird as the result of a cooking mishap.

The best way to reduce Christmas food waste is by buying only what is needed and cooking and eating any leftovers. As always, the key message is Reduce, Reuse and Recycle but as a composting website our message is to home compost your waste where possible. This covers all “unavoidable” food waste including cooked food.  Uncooked fruit and vegetable wastes e.g.  peelings from Christmas vegetables and satsuma peel, can all be composted in the normal cold compost bin. Cooked foods can only be composted in a hot composting system, a food waste digester, bokashi bin or wormery. In a revised page on Christmas Food Waste on www.carryoncomposting we look at bins suitable for dealing with cooked food waste such as the Hotbin, Green Johanna, Jorra, Green Cone and Bokashi bins. The is still time to order a suitable bin for delivery for Christmas.

Non-food waste will be covered in a future post